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MILICA KRIŽANAC
arheolog, Šafhauzen (Schaffhausen), Švajcarska
DUŠAN MRKOBRAD
arheolog, Univerzitet u Beogradu, Filozofski fakultet–Arheološka zbirka

KASNOANTIČKO I RANOVIZANTIJSKO STAKLO SA GRADINE U POSTENJU
LATE ANTIQUE AND EARLY BYZANTINE GLASS FROM GRADINA IN POSTENJE

Zbornik 8/2012 (Muzej primenjene umetnosti), strana 7-22

UDK:
904:748”652”(497.11); 904:748”653”(497.11)
ИД 195687180

Apstrakt:
Na Gradini u Postenju, u okviru utvrđenog naselja je nađeno oko 260 ulomaka kasnoantičkog i ranovizantijskog stakla, od toga oko 100 posuda, a ostalo su delovi prozorskih okana i ukrasnih predmeta. Kod većeg broja fragmenata stakla vidljivi su mehurići, ponekad veoma gusti, a na površini je često sloj iridacije.

Od posuda su uglavnom sačuvani mali i pojedinačni delovi, tako da nijedna posuda nije sačuvana u potpunosti. Najbrojnije su zdele i pehari, dok su ulomci boca, odnosno, krčaga kao i lampi nađeni u manjem broju. Posude su najvećim delom načinjene slobodnim duvanjem stakla, a samo u dva slučaja ukras je dobijen duvanjem u kalup. Najveći broj načinjen je od zelenog, odnosno maslinastozelenog (oko 50%) i bezbojnog (oko 32%) stakla, a pojedini i od žućkastog, belog i plavičastog stakla. Staklene posude su uglavnom bile neukrašene, a postojeća dekoracija, sačuvana na samo nekoliko fragmenata, sastojala se od urezanih linija, apliciranih kapi ili niti i reljefnih rebara.

Od ukupnog broja nađenih ulomaka stakla na Gradini u Postenju više od polovine čine delovi prozorskih okana (oko 60%). Oni su najčešće nalaženi pojedinačno, mada je u nekoliko slučajeva veći broj (najviše 15 fragmenata), od jednog okna, bio skoncentrisan na istom mestu. Većinom su načinjeni od bezbojnog (oko 43%), belog (18%) i zelenog stakla (15%), dok se fragmenti plavog i žutog prozorskog stakla javljaju u manjem broju.

Od ukrasnih predmeta od stakla nađena su samo dva, uložak od zelenog i perla od crnog stakla.

Ključne reči:
Gradina u Postenju, kasnoantičko i ranovizantijsko staklo (zdele, pehari, boce, lampe), okna, ukrasni predmeti

Summary:
Late Antiquity and afterwards Early Byzantine fortress Gradina in the village of Postenje (fig. 1:1-3) was built on the northern slopes of Rogozina Mountain (c. 780 metres altitude) in South-West Serbia. Found within the fortress and surrounded by a wall were about thirty objects, the oldest dating from the 3^rd century. The settlement was destroyed at the end of the 6^th or the beginning of the 7^th century. The majority of glass finds from Gradina in the village of Postenje, as well as other moveable archeological material, originate from the objects made during the 6^th century, the time of Justinian's reconstruction of the fortress. Window pane fragments were found both in churches and in profane objects. Out of a total of about 100 fragments of glass vessels, the largest number is the parts of bowls and goblets from which is distinguished the many different types. The smaller number is the fragments of bottles and lamps. Although the highest number of glass fragments is found to belong to the period of the Emperor Justinian I, some vessels could have been in use even before the 6^th century. Over a longer period of time, during Late Antiquity (4^th – beginning of 5^th century), up to and including the Early Byzantine period (6^th century), hemispherical bowls with deeper receptacle (fig. 2:3-4), hemispherical beakers (fig. 3:1-4), conical goblets (fig. 3:5), stemmed goblets or lamps (fig. 3:6-8) and jugs (fig. 4:1-3) could have been used. All these vessels have similarities with the materials of this period, of the 4^th / 5^th century and the 6^th century. While hemispherical bowls and beakers are most common during the 4^th and early 5^th century, some have been found on some sites of the 6^th century. On the territory of Serbia, conical goblets are found in the 4th and the 4^th / 5^th century layer on all other sites except Gradina on Jelica where they were found in the 6^th century layer. In contrast, although a larger number of stemmed goblets or lamps was found on Early Byzantine sites in the 5^th / 6^th and the 6^th century layer, a smaller number dates from the 4^th century. On all other sites, except Early Byzantine fortress Gradina on Jelica, hemispherical bowls with shallow receptacle (fig. 2:1-2) date from the 4^th century. On the territory of Serbia, all conical receptacle lamps with hollow stem date exclusively from the 6^th century, Caricin grad being the site where the highest number of lamps with hollow stem was found. Apart from hemispherical lamps with deeper receptacle, on sites in Serbia there are no examples of lamps with shallow receptacle as those found in Gradina in Postenje. However, judging by the similar examples from the Black Sea, they also could have been used in the settlement during the 6^th century. Glass lamps have been found both in sacred and profane objects in Gradina in Postanje.

Judging by the high number of glass vessels in Gradina in Postanje that is present on a number of sites during the 4^th century and the beginning of the 5^th century, and in some of the 5^th and the 6^th century layers too, the continuity of life can be proven in Gradina in Postanje in the 5^th century, though this horizon has not been established yet on this site in architectural pre–building and restoration of objects. The limited number of vessels of a simple type and of a relatively uniform glass colour in Gradina in Postanje indicates local production. Though it has not been proven yet in the settlement itself, local production could have existed, as in some settlements of Late Antiquty – Mitrovica / Sirmium, Gamzigrad / Romuliana – or as in some Early Byzantine settlements (In Caricin grad, for example, a group of bricks are in situ in a circular or semi-circular shape, which might have been a part of a furnace; furthermore, fragments of a massive dome-shaped vessel that might have been part of a retort were also found, which could serve as proof for the existence of glass making. In Gornji Streoci on Kosovo the raw materials for glass making were found).

Gradina in Postanje is one of a large number of hillside settlements that have been identified on the territory of Serbia, but glass is found on and published about only a few. Although a relatively small number of glass vessel types have been found in Gradina in Postanje, similar types have been found in other Late Antiquity and Early Byzantine sites in Serbia and neighbouring countries (Bulgaria, Romania, Greece), where an assortment of similar glass vessels were used.